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Martin Luther: life and legacy
Monk and scholar
Luther entered an Augustinian house and became a professor of theology at Wittenberg. His teaching on grace and faith shaped criticism of the sale and theology of indulgences.
Controversy
The 1517 theses did not contain a complete Protestant programme, but print and debate widened the dispute. Luther rejected papal claims and defended his writings before imperial authority at Worms.
Reform in practice
Protected in Saxony, Luther translated the New Testament and helped reshape worship and clerical life. Princes and town governments were essential to institutionalising reform.
Limits and legacy
Luther condemned the Peasants' War and wrote violently anti-Jewish works later exploited by antisemites. His influence on language, theology and education must be assessed alongside those grave aspects of his record.
